6. One paragraph description of your model (e.g. abstract from report or
   paper);

In brief, BATS has a single vegetation canopy layer overlying a three-layer 
soil model. Treatment of snow in BATS satisfies all water and energy balance 
constraints. Precipitation is deposited as snow when the surface air 
temperature lies below 2.2 degree C. Snow and soil are lumped together 
for computing surface and subsurface temperatures based on an 
analytical ``force-restore'' approach. The snow model simulates 
explicitly only the snow-surface processes. There is no explicit 
distinction between subsurface snow versus soil temperature, i.e., 
a subsurface temperature refers, in principle, to a subsurface snow 
temperature after more than a few centimeters of liquid equivalent 
snow have accumulated. Water incident on the snow surface is assumed 
to go directly into the soil. The melting at the bottom of the 
snowpack due to heat conducted from the ground (ground melt) is also 
implicitly neglected unless this heat reaches the top snow surface. The 
model simulates the snow aging and its impact on surface snow density 
and albedo. The latent heat of fusion in the surface energy balance is 
considered. Snowmelt is computed from the energy balance and during melt
surface temperature remain at 0 degree C. The melt water is immediately 
removed from the snowpack. The fractional areal coverage of snow is 
parameterized as a function of snow depth and surface roughness.


50. Please provide references relevant to the model description and use.

There are over 80 publications from using BATS. The most recent papers
about BATS snow model and its evaluation using observed data collected
from Former Soviet Union are 

Yang, Z.-L., R.E. Dickinson, A. Robock and K.Y. Vinnikov, 1997: Validation of the snow sub-model of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer 
Scheme with Russian snow cover and meteorological observational data, Journal of Climate, 10, 353-373, 1997.

Yang, Z.-L., R.E. Dickinson, W.J. Shuttleworth and M. Shaikh, 1998: Treatment of Soil, Vegetation and Snow in Land-surface Models: A Test 
of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme with the HAPEX-MOBILHY, ABRACOS, and Russian Data, invited to a BAHC Special Issue of Journal of Hydrology,, 212-213, 109-127. 
The latter paper also compared the snow outputs from a version of 
NCAR GCM with satellite observations.

Other related papers are:

Jin, J.M., X. Gao, S. Sorooshian, Z.-L. Yang, R.C. Bales, R.E. Dickinson, S.-F. Sun and G.-X. Wu, 1999: One-dimensional snow water and energy balance model for vegetated surfaces, Hydrological Processes, 13, Issue 14-15, 2467-2482, 1999.

Jin, J.M., X. Gao, Z.-L. Yang, R.C. Bales, S. Sorooshian, R.E. Dickinson, S.-F. Sun and G.-X. Wu, 1999: Comparative analyses of physically based snowmelt models for climate simulations. Journal of Climate, 12, 2643-2657, 1999.

Schlosser, C.A., A. Slater, A. Robock, A.J. Pitman, K.Y. Vinnikov, A. Henderson-Sellers, N.A. Speranskaya, K. Mitchell, A. Boone, H. Braden, P. Cox, P. DeRosney, C.E. Desborough, Y.J. Dai, Q. Duan, J. Entin, P. Etchevers, N. Gedney, Y.M. Gusev, F. Habets, J. Kim, E. Kowalczyk, O. Nasanova, J. Noilhan, J. Polcher, A. Shmakin, T. Smirnova, D. Verseghy, P. Wetzel, Y. Xue and Z.-L. Yang, 1999: Simulations of a boreal grassland hydrology at Valdai, Russia: PILPS Phase 2(d), Mon. Wea. Rev. , (in press).

Yang, Z.-L., R.E. Dickinson, A.N. Hahmann, G.-Y. Niu, M. Shaikh, X. Gao, R.C. Bales, S. Sorooshian and J.M. Jin, 1999: Simulation of snow mass and extent in global climate models, Hydrological Processes, 13, Issue 12-13, 2097-2113, 1999.

Yang, Z.-L., G.Y. Niu and R.E. Dickinson, 1999: Comparing snow simulations from NCAR LSM and BATS using PILPS 2d data, Preprints, 14th Conference on Hydrology, American Meteorological Society Meeting, Dallas, TX, USA, January 1999, pp. 316-319.

Yang, Z.-L. and G.Y. Niu, 2000: Snow-climate interaction in NCAR CCM3, Preprints, 15th Conference on Hydrology, American Meteorological Society Meeting, Long Beach, CA, USA, January 2000.

Yang, Z.-L., Description of recent snow models, Book Chapter, in Snow and Climate, E. Martin and R. Armstrong (editors), International Committee on Snow and Ice, 2004 (in press).