Reference materials for GEO 389V are available in the Geology Library open reserve files, located in the hall on the third floor (fourth, according to the elevators) of the Geology Building, in a green filing cabinet, under "Rowe." Papers from the GEO 369 files will also be found in this cabinet: these may be considered supplementary readings, and are also listed below.
USE THE INDENTED LIST BELOW TO FIND PAPERS ON CLADES DISCUSSED IN CLASS, OR BROWSE BY TOPIC:
Papers available on-line and hyperlinked are in blue.
Papers on the "first CD" are in green.
Papers on the "second CD" are in purple.
Papers on the "third CD" are in yellow.
Duplicates are mixed.
For information on citation format, please see the class formatting protocol page.
TOPICS:
Completeness, Stratigraphy and The Role of Fossils
Notes:
· When a clade contains clades for which there are other references, check the most inclusive clade for general references and papers on “primitive” members of the group. When in doubt, papers may be listed with others mentioned on the same day.
· Taxa with an asterisk are considered in further detail on the next sequential indented list.
· Some references are listed multiple times, in the hopes of helping you find them.
· Remember we are using “crown group” definitions for taxa, so you may find some taxa where you wouldn’t expect them. I have tried to account for this by cross-listing unexpected taxa (e.g., Arkarua is under Deuterostomata and Echinodermata). Overall, the use of crown group nomenclature is sloppy and inconsistent here... we'll all just have to find some way through the horror of it all.
LIST 1: BILATERIA sans VERTEBRATA
Bilateria
Acoelomata
Coelomata
Lophophorata
Protostomata
Panpetromyzontida
LIST 2: VERTEBRATA on
Osteichthyes
Panamphibia
Amniota
Mammalia
Archosaurimorpha
Deuterostomia page on the Tree of Life
Dominguez, P., A. G. Jacobson and R. P. S. Jeffries. 2002. Paired gill slits in a fossil with a calcite skeleton. Nature, 417:641-644.
Gee, H. 2001. On being vetulicolian. Nature, 414:407-409.
Gheling, J. G. 1987. Earliest known echinoderm – a new Ediacaran fossil from the Pound Subgroup of South Australia. Alcheringa, 11:337-345.
Maisey, J. G. 1986. Heads and tails: a chordate phylogeny. Cladistics, 2:201-256.
Schaeffer, B. 1987. Deuterostome monophyly and phylogeny. Evolutionary Biology, 21: 179-235.
See also “calcichordates” below
Echinodermata page on the Tree of Life
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus on the Digimorph site
Pisater sp. on the Digimorph site
Cameron, C. B., J. R. Garey and B. J. Swalla. 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: new insights from phylogenetic analysis of deuterostome phyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97:4469-4474.
Gheling, J. G. 1987. Earliest known echinoderm – a new Ediacaran fossil from the Pound Subgroup of South Australia. Alcheringa, 11:337-345.
Lowe, C. J. and G. A. Wray. 1997. Radical alterations in the roles of homeobox genes during echinoderm evolution. Nature, 389:718-721.
Popodi, E. and R. A. Raff. 2001. Hox genes in a pantameral animal. BioEssays, 23:211-214.
Smith, A. B. 1984. Classification of the Echinodermata. Palaeontology, 27:431-459.
“CALCICHORDATES”
Chordata page on the Tree of Life
Jaekelocarpus oklahomensis on the Digimorph site
Daley, P. E. J. 1992. The anatomy of the solute Girvanicystis batheri (?Chordata) from the Upper Ordovician of Scotland and a new species of Girvanicystis from the Upper Ordovician of South Wales. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 105: 353-375.
Dominguez, P., A. G. Jacobson and R. P. S. Jeffries. 2002. Paired gill slits in a fossil with a calcite skeleton. Nature, 417:641-644.
Jeffries, R. P. S. and A. G. Jacobson. 1998. An episode in the ancestry of vertebrates: from mitrate to crown-group craniate. Integrative Biology, 1:115-132.
Jeffries, R. P. S.1997. A defense of calcichordates. Lethaia, 30:1-10.
Jollie, M. 1982. What are the “Calcichordata”? and the larger question of the origin of chordates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 75: 167-188.
Philip, G. M. 1979. Carpoids – Echinoderms or chordates? Biological Reviews, 54:439-471.
Sutcliffe, O. E., W. H. Südkamp and R. P. S. Jeffries. 2000. Ichnological evidence on the behaviour of mitrates: two trails associated with the Devonian mitrate Rhenocystis. Lethaia, 33:1-12.
Hemichordata page on the Tree of Life
Cameron, C. B., J. R. Garey and B. J. Swalla. 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: new insights from phylogenetic analysis of deuterostome phyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97:4469-4474.
Rigby, S. 1993. Graptolites come to life. Nature, 362:209-210.
Chordata page on the Tree of Life
Garstang, W. 1928. The morphology of the Tunicata, and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Chordata. Quaterly Journal of Microscopal Science (New Series), 72:51-187.
Jeffries, R. P. S. and A. G. Jacobson. 1998. An episode in the ancestry of vertebrates: from mitrate to crown-group craniate. Integrative Biology, 1:115-132.
Maisey, J. G. 1986. Heads and tails: a chordate phylogeny. Cladistics, 2:201-256.
Chordata page on the Tree of Life
Alldredge, A. L. 1977. House morphology and mechanisms of feeding in the Oikopleuridae (Tunicata, Appendicularia). Journal of Zoology, 181:175-188.
Cameron, C. B., J. R. Garey and B. J. Swalla. 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: new insights from phylogenetic analysis of deuterostome phyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97:4469-4474.
Garstang, W. 1928. The morphology of the Tunicata, and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Chordata. Quaterly Journal of Microscopal Science (New Series), 72:51-187.
Jamieson, B. G. M. 1991. Subphylum Urochordata, pp. 20-48. In Fish Evolution and Systematics: Evidence from Spermatozoa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Pennisi, E. 1996. Developmental biology: tracing backbone evolution through a tunicate’s lost tail. Science, 274:1082-1083.
Shu, D. –G., L. Chen and X. –L. Zhang. 2001. An early Cambrian tunicate from China. Nature, 411: 472-473.
Swalla, B. J. and W. J. Jeffery. 1996. Requirement of the Manx gene for expression of chordate features in a tailless ascidian larva. Science, 274:1205-1208.
Chordata page on the Tree of Life
Chen, J. –Y., D. –Y. Huang and C. –W. Li. 1999. An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate. Nature, 402: 518-522.
Jeffries, R. P. S. and A. G. Jacobson. 1998. An episode in the ancestry of vertebrates: from mitrate to crown-group craniate. Integrative Biology, 1:115-132.
Naylor, G. J. P. and W. M. Brown. 1998. Amphioxus mitochondrial DNA, chordate phylogeny, and the limits of inference based on comparisons of sequences. Systematic Biology 47:61-76.
CEPHALOCHORDATA
Chordata page on the Tree of Life
Briggs, D. E. G. and A. J. Kear. 1994. Decay of Branciostoma: implications for soft-tissue preservation in conodonts and other primitive chordates. Lethaia, 26:275-287.
Cameron, C. B., J. R. Garey and B. J. Swalla. 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: new insights from phylogenetic analysis of deuterostome phyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97:4469-4474.
Naylor, G. J. P. and W. M. Brown. 1998. Amphioxus mitochondrial DNA, chordate phylogeny, and the limits of inference based on comparisons of sequences. Systematic Biology 47:61-76.
Craniata page on the Tree of Life
Bodznick, D. and R. G. Northcutt. 1981. Electroreception in lampreys: evidence that the earliest vertebrates were electroreceptive. Science, 212:465-467
Briggs, D. E. G. and A. J. Kear. 1994. Decay of Branciostoma: implications for soft-tissue preservation in conodonts and other primitive chordates. Lethaia, 26:275-287.
Chen, J. –Y., D. –Y. Huang and C. –W. Li. 1999. An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate. Nature, 402: 518-522.
Denison, R. H. 1956. A review of the habitat of the earliest vertebrates. Fieldiana,11:357-457.
Denison, R. H. 1961. Feeding mechanisms of Agnatha and early gnathostomes. American Zooloist, 1:177-181.
Denison, R. H. 1967. Ordovician vertebrates from western United States. Fieldiana, 16:131-192.
Forey, P. L. 1984. Yet more reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:330-343.
Forey, P. and P. Janvier. 1993. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 361:129-134.
Gorbman, A. and A. Tamarin. 1985. Early development of oral, olfactory and adenohypophyseal structures of agnathans and its evolutionary implications, pp. 165-185. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Graham, A. and A. Smith. 2001. Patterning the pharyngeal arches. BioEssays, 23:54-61.
Holland, N. D. and J. Chen. 2001. Origin and early evolution of the vertebrates: new insights from advances in molecular biology, anatomy, and palaeontology. BioEssays, 23:142-151.
Janvier, P. 1984. The relationships of the Osteostraci and Galeaspida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:344-358.
Long, J. A. 1995. The Rise of Fishes: 500 million years of evolution. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 223 p.
Maisey, J. G. 1988. Phylogeny of early vertebrate skeletal induction and ossification patterns. Evolutionary Biology, 22:1-36.
Mallatt, J. 1984. Early vertebrate evolution: pharyngeal structure and the origin of gnathostomes. Journal of Zoology, London, 204:169-183.
Mallatt, J. 1985. Reconstructing the life cycle and feeding of ancestral vertebrates, pp. 59-68. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Migdalski, E. C. and G. S. Fichter. 1976. The Fresh and Salt Water Fishes of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 316 p.
Moy-Thomas, J. A. and R. S. Miles. 1971. Paleozoic Fishes, 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall, London. 259 p.
Northcutt, R. G. 1985. The brain and sense organs of the earliest vertebrates: reconstruction of a morphotype, pp. 81-112. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Northcutt, R. G. and C. Gans. 1983. The genesis of neural crest and epidermal placodes: a reinterpretation of vertebrate origins. Quarterly Review of Biology, 58:1-28.
Nursall, J. R. 1956. The lateral musculature and the swimming of fish. Proceedings of the Zoological Soceity of London, 126:127-143.
Paxton, J. R. and W. N. Eschmeyer (eds.). 1998. Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. 240 p.
Ruben, J. A. and A. F. Bennett. 1980. Antiquity of vertebrate pattern of activity metabolism and its possible relation to vertebrate origins. Nature, 286:886-888.
Schultze, H. -P. and R. Cloutier (eds.). 1996. Devonian Fishes and Plants of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen. 374 pl.
Shimeld, S. M. and P. W. H. Holland. 2000. Vertebrate innovations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97:4449-4452.
Shu, D. –G., H. –L. Luo, S. Conway Morris, X. –L. Zhang, S. –X. Hu, L. Chen. J. Han, M. Zhu, Y. Li, and L. –Z. Chen. 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature, 402:42-46.
Smith, M. M. and B. K. Hall. 1990. Development and evolutionary origins of vertebrate skeletogenic and odontogenic tissues. Biological Reviews, 65:277-373.
Stensiö, E. 1968. The cyclostomes with special reference to the diphyletic origin of Petromyzontida and Myxinoidea, pp. 13-71. In T. Ørvig (ed.), Current Problems of Lower Vertebrate Phylogeny. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm.
Stiassny, M. L. J., L. R. Parenti and G. D. Johnson (eds.). 1996. Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego. 496 p.
Zimmer, C. 2000. In search of vertebrate origins: beyond brain and bone. Science, 287: 1576-1579.
MYXINOIDEA
Hypertotreti page on the Tree of Life
Bardack, D. 1991. First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Science, 254:701-703.ori
Forey, P. L. 1984. Yet more reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:330-343.
Forey, P. and P. Janvier. 1993. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 361:129-134.
Gorbman, A. and A. Tamarin. 1985. Early development of oral, olfactory and adenohypophyseal structures of agnathans and its evolutionary implications, pp. 165-185. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Hardisty, M. W. 1979. Biology of the Cyclostomes. Chapman and Hall, London. 428 p.
Heintz, A. 1963. Phylogenetic aspects of myxinoids, pp. 9-21. In A. Brodal and R. Fänge (eds.), The Biology of Myxine. Universitetsforlaget, Olso.
Mallatt, J. and C. Paulsen. 1986. Gill ultrastructure of the pacific hagfish Eptatretus stouti. American Journal of Anatomy, 177:243-269.
Martini, F. H. 1998. Secrets of the slime hag. Scientific American, October 1998:70-75.
Migdalski, E. C. and G. S. Fichter. 1976. The Fresh and Salt Water Fishes of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 316 p.
Northcutt, R. G. 1985. The brain and sense organs of the earliest vertebrates: reconstruction of a morphotype, pp. 81-112. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Nursall, J. R. 1956. The lateral musculature and the swimming of fish. Proceedings of the Zoological Soceity of London, 126:127-143.
Paxton, J. R. and W. N. Eschmeyer (eds.). 1998. Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. 240 p.
Shu, D. –G., H. –L. Luo, S. Conway Morris, X. –L. Zhang, S. –X. Hu, L. Chen. J. Han, M. Zhu, Y. Li, and L. –Z. Chen. 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature, 402:42-46.
Shu, D., S. Conway Morris, X. -L. Zhang, L. Chen, Y. Li and J. Han. 1999. A pipiscid-like fossil from the Lower Cambrian of south China. Nature, 400:746-749.
Stensiö, E. 1968. The cyclostomes with special reference to the diphyletic origin of Petromyzontida and Myxinoidea, pp. 13-71. In T. Ørvig (ed.), Current Problems of Lower Vertebrate Phylogeny. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm.
Stiassny, M. L. J., L. R. Parenti and G. D. Johnson (eds.). 1996. Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego. 496 p.
Pteraspidomorphi page on the Tree of Life
Thelodonti page on the Tree of Life
Denison, R. H. 1951. Late Devonian fresh-water fishes from the western United States. Fieldiana, 11: 219-261.
Denison, R. H. 1953. Early Devonian Fishes from Utah: Part II. Heterostraci. Fieldiana, 11:289-355.
Denison, R. H. 1960. Fishes of the Devonian Holland Quarry Shale of Ohio. Fieldiana, 11:553-613.
Denison, R. H. 1963. New Silurian Heterostraci from southeastern Yukon. Fieldiana, 14:105-141.
Denison, R. H. 1964. The Cyathaspididae: a family of Silurian and Devonian jawless vertebrates. Fieldiana, 13: 311-473.
Denison, R. H. 1966. Cardiopeltis: an early Devonian Agnathan of the order Heterostraci. Fieldiana, 16:89-116.
Denison, R. H. 1966. The origin of the lateral line sensory system. American Zoologist, 6:369-370.
Denison, R. H. 1970. Revised classification of Pteraspididae with description of new forms from Wyoming. Fieldiana, 20:1-41.
Denison, R. H. 1971. On the tail of Heterostraci (Agnatha). Forma et Functio, 4:87-99.
Forey, P. L. 1984. Yet more reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:330-343.
Forey, P. and P. Janvier. 1993. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 361:129-134.
Gagnier, P. -Y. 1989. The oldest vertebrate: a 470-million-year-old jawless fish, Sacabamaspis janvieri, from the Ordovician of Bolivia. National Geographic Research, 5:250-253.
Gregory, W. K. and H. C. Raven. 1941. Studies on the origin and early evolution of paired fins and limbs: Part I. paired fins and girdles in ostracoderms, placoderms, and other primitive fishes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 42:273-360.
Moy-Thomas, J. A. and R. S. Miles. 1971. Paleozoic Fishes, 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall, London. 259 p.
Schultze, H. -P. and R. Cloutier (eds.). 1996. Devonian Fishes and Plants of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen. 374 pl.
Vertebrata page on the Tree of Life
Bodznick, D. and R. G. Northcutt. 1981. Electroreception in lampreys: evidence that the earliest vertebrates were electroreceptive. Science, 212:465-467
Denison, R. H. 1956. A review of the habitat of the earliest vertebrates. Fieldiana,11:357-457.
Denison, R. H. 1961. Feeding mechanisms of Agnatha and early gnathostomes. American Zooloist, 1:177-181.
Denison, R. H. 1967. Ordovician vertebrates from western United States. Fieldiana, 16:131-192.
Forey, P. L. 1984. Yet more reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:330-343.
Forey, P. and P. Janvier. 1993. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 361:129-134.
Gorbman, A. and A. Tamarin. 1985. Early development of oral, olfactory and adenohypophysvereal structures of agnathans and its evolutionary implications, pp. 165-185. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Graham, A. and A. Smith. 2001. Patterning the pharyngeal arches. BioEssays, 23:54-61.
Gregory, W. K. and H. C. Raven. 1941. Studies on the origin and early evolution of paired fins and limbs: Part I. paired fins and girdles in ostracoderms, placoderms, and other primitive fishes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 42:273-360.
Holland, N. D. and J. Chen. 2001. Origin and early evolution of the vertebrates: new insights from advances in molecular biology, anatomy, and palaeontology. BioEssays, 23:142-151.
Janvier, P. 1984. The relationships of the Osteostraci and Galeaspida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:344-358.
Long, J. A. 1995. The Rise of Fishes: 500 million years of evolution. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 223 p.
Maisey, J. G. 1988. Phylogeny of early vertebrate skeletal induction and ossification patterns. Evolutionary Biology, 22:1-36.
Mallatt, J. 1984. Early vertebrate evolution: pharyngeal structure and the origin of gnathostomes. Journal of Zoology, London, 204:169-183.
Mallatt, J. 1985. Reconstructing the life cycle and feeding of ancestral vertebrates, pp. 59-68. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Migdalski, E. C. and G. S. Fichter. 1976. The Fresh and Salt Water Fishes of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 316 p.
Moy-Thomas, J. A. and R. S. Miles. 1971. Paleozoic Fishes, 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall, London. 259 p.
Neidert, A. H., V. Virupannavar, G. W. Hooker and J. A. Langeland. 2001. Lamprey Dlx genes and early vertebrate evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98:1665-1670.
Northcutt, R. G. 1985. The brain and sense organs of the earliest vertebrates: reconstruction of a morphotype, pp. 81-112. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Northcutt, R. G. and C. Gans. 1983. The genesis of neural crest and epidermal placodes: a reinterpretation of vertebrate origins. Quarterly Review of Biology, 58:1-28.
Nursall, J. R. 1956. The lateral musculature and the swimming of fish. Proceedings of the Zoological Soceity of London, 126:127-143.
Paxton, J. R. and W. N. Eschmeyer (eds.). 1998. Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. 240 p.
Ruben, J. A. and A. F. Bennett. 1980. Antiquity of vertebrate pattern of activity metabolism and its possible relation to vertebrate origins. Nature, 286:886-888.
Schluter, S. F., R. M. Bernstein, H. Bernstein and J. J. Marchalonis. 1999. “Big Bang” emergence of the combinatorial immune system. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 23:107-111.
Schultze, H. -P. and R. Cloutier (eds.). 1996. Devonian Fishes and Plants of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen. 374 pl.
Shimeld, S. M. and P. W. H. Holland. 2000. Vertebrate innovations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97:4449-4452.
Shu, D. –G., H. –L. Luo, S. Conway Morris, X. –L. Zhang, S. –X. Hu, L. Chen. J. Han, M. Zhu, Y. Li, and L. –Z. Chen. 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature, 402:42-46.
Smith, M. M. and B. K. Hall. 1990. Development and evolutionary origins of vertebrate skeletogenic and odontogenic tissues. Biological Reviews, 65:277-373.
Stensiö, E. 1968. The cyclostomes with special reference to the diphyletic origin of Petromyzontida and Myxinoidea, pp. 13-71. In T. Ørvig (ed.), Current Problems of Lower Vertebrate Phylogeny. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm.
Stiassny, M. L. J., L. R. Parenti and G. D. Johnson (eds.). 1996. Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego. 496 p.
Zimmer, C. 2000. In search of vertebrate origins: beyond brain and bone. Science, 287: 1576-1579.
Anaspida page on the Tree of Life
Forey, P. L. 1984. Yet more reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:330-343.
Forey, P. and P. Janvier. 1993. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 361:129-134.
Gregory, W. K. and H. C. Raven. 1941. Studies on the origin and early evolution of paired fins and limbs: Part I. paired fins and girdles in ostracoderms, placoderms, and other primitive fishes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 42:273-360.
Hyperoartia page on the Tree of Life
Bardack, D. and R. Zangerl. 1968. First fossil lamprey: a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Nature, 162:1265-1267.
Beamish, R. J. 1985. Freshwater parastic lamprey on Vancouver Island and a theory of the evolution of the freshwater parasitic and nonparasitic life history types, pp. 123-140. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Bodznick, D. and R. G. Northcutt. 1981. Electroreception in lampreys: evidence that the earliest vertebrates were electroreceptive. Science, 212:465-467
Forey, P. L. 1984. Yet more reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:330-343.
Forey, P. and P. Janvier. 1993. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 361:129-134.
Gorbman, A. and A. Tamarin. 1985. Early development of oral, olfactory and adenohypophyseal structures of agnathans and its evolutionary implications, pp. 165-185. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Hardisty, M. W. 1971. The Biology of Lampreys. Academic Press, London. 4 v.
Hardisty, M. W. 1979. Biology of the Cyclostomes. Chapman and Hall, London. 428 p.
Migdalski, E. C. and G. S. Fichter. 1976. The Fresh and Salt Water Fishes of the World. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 316 p.
Neidert, A. H., V. Virupannavar, G. W. Hooker and J. A. Langeland. 2001. Lamprey Dlx genes and early vertebrate evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98:1665-1670.
Northcutt, R. G. 1985. The brain and sense organs of the earliest vertebrates: reconstruction of a morphotype, pp. 81-112. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Nursall, J. R. 1956. The lateral musculature and the swimming of fish. Proceedings of the Zoological Soceity of London, 126:127-143.
Paxton, J. R. and W. N. Eschmeyer (eds.). 1998. Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. 240 p.
Stensiö, E. 1968. The cyclostomes with special reference to the diphyletic origin of Petromyzontida and Myxinoidea, pp. 13-71. In T. Ørvig (ed.), Current Problems of Lower Vertebrate Phylogeny. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm.
Stiassny, M. L. J., L. R. Parenti and G. D. Johnson (eds.). 1996. Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego. 496 p.
Youson, J. H. 1985. Organ development and specialization in lamprey species, pp. 141-164. In R. E. Foreman, A. Gorbman, J. M. Dodd and R. Olsson (eds.), Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. Plenum Press, New York. 463 p.
Osteostraci page on the Tree of Life
Pituriaspida page on the Tree of Life
Denison, R. H. 1951. Early Devonian Fishes from Utah: Part I. Osteostraci. Fieldiana, 11:263-287.
Denison, R. H. 1951. Evolution and classification of the Osteostraci. Fieldiana, 11:155-196.
Denison, R. H. 1951. The exoskeleton of the early Osteostraci. Fieldiana, 11:197-218.
Denison, R. H. 1968. Middle Devonian fishes from the Lemhi Range of Idaho. Fieldiana, 16:269-288.
Forey, P. L. 1984. Yet more reflections on agnathan-gnathostome relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:330-343.
Forey, P. and P. Janvier. 1993. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 361:129-134.
Gregory, W. K. and H. C. Raven. 1941. Studies on the origin and early evolution of paired fins and limbs: Part I. paired fins and girdles in ostracoderms, placoderms, and other primitive fishes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 42:273-360.
Janvier, P. 1984. The relationships of the Osteostraci and Galeaspida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4:344-358.
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"Terrestrial Vertebrates" on the Tree of Life
Amniota page on the Tree of Life
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Synapsida page on the Tree of Life
Synapsida on the Digimorph site
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Amniota page on the Tree of Life
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Testudines page on the Tree of Life
Testudines on the Digimorph site
Zardoya, R. and A. Meyer. 2001. On the origin of and phylogenetic relationships among living amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98:7380-7383
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Lepidosauromorpha on the Digimorph site
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